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authorFranciszek Malinka <franciszek.malinka@gmail.com>2022-06-29 16:03:50 +0200
committerFranciszek Malinka <franciszek.malinka@gmail.com>2022-06-29 16:03:50 +0200
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tree6117198d367540604caeb3a3d5d53287d88ac91c /sections/fraisse_classes.tex
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+\documentclass[../lic_malinka.tex]{subfiles}
+
+\begin{document}
+ In this section we will take a closer look at classes of finitely
+ generated structures with some characteristic properties. More
+ specifically, we will describe a concept developed by a French
+ mathematician Roland Fraïssé called Fraïssé limit.
+
+ \subsection{Definitions}
+ \begin{definition}
+ Let $L$ be a signature and $M$ be an $L$-structure. The \emph{age} of $M$ is
+ the class $\bK$ of all finitely generated structures that embeds into $M$.
+ The age of $M$ is also associated with class of all structures embeddable in
+ $M$ \emph{up to isomorphism}.
+ \end{definition}
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ We say that $M$ has \emph{countable age} when its age has countably many
+ isomorphism types of finitely generated structures.
+ \end{definition}
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ Let $\bK$ be a class of finitely generated structures. $\bK$ has
+ \emph{hereditary property (HP)} if for any $A\in\bK$, any finitely generated
+ substructure $B$ of $A$ it holds that $B\in\bK$.
+ \end{definition}
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ Let $\bK$ be a class of finitely generated structures. We say that $\bK$ has
+ \emph{joint embedding property (JEP)} if for any $A, B\in\bK$ there is a
+ structure $C\in\bK$ such that both $A$ and $B$ embed in $C$.
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ & C & \\
+ A \arrow[ur, dashed, "f"] & & B \arrow[ul, dashed, "g"']
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+
+ In terms of category theory, this is a \emph{span} in category $\bK$.
+ \end{definition}
+
+ Fraïssé has shown fundamental theories regarding age of a structure, one of
+ them being the following one:
+
+ \begin{fact}
+ \label{fact:age_is_hpjep}
+ Suppose $L$ is a signature and $\bK$ is a nonempty finite or countable set
+ of finitely generated $L$-structures. Then $\bK$ has the HP and JEP if
+ and only if $\bK$ is the age of some finite or countable structure.
+ \end{fact}
+
+ Beside the HP and JEP Fraïssé has distinguished one more property of the
+ class $\bK$, namely amalgamation property.
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ Let $\bK$ be a class of finitely generated $L$-structures. We say that $\bK$
+ has the \emph{amalgamation property (AP)} if for any $A, B, C\in\bK$ and
+ embeddings $e\colon C\to A, f\colon C\to B$ there exists $D\in\bK$ together
+ with embeddings $g\colon A\to D$ and $h\colon A\to D$ such that
+ $g\circ e = h\circ f$.
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ & D & \\
+ A \arrow[ur, dashed, "g"] & & B \arrow[ul, dashed, "h"'] \\
+ & C \arrow[ur, "f"'] \arrow[ul, "e"]
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+ \end{definition}
+
+ In terms of category theory, amalgamation over some structure $C$ is a
+ pushout diagram.
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ Let $M$ be an $L$-structure. $M$ is \emph{ultrahomogeneous} if every
+ isomorphism between finitely generated substructures of $M$ extends to an
+ automorphism of $M$.
+ \end{definition}
+
+ Having those definitions we can provide the main Fraïssé theorem.
+
+ \begin{theorem}[Fraïssé theorem]
+ \label{theorem:fraisse_thm}
+ Let L be a countable language and let $\bK$ be a nonempty countable set of
+ finitely generated $L$-structures which has HP, JEP and AP. Then $\bK$ is
+ the age of a countable, ultrahomogeneous $L$-structure $M$. Moreover, $M$ is
+ unique up to isomorphism. We say that $M$ is a \emph{Fraïssé limit} of $\bK$
+ and denote this by $M = \Flim(\bK)$.
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ This is a well known theorem. One can read a proof of this theorem in Wilfrid
+ Hodges' classical book \textit{Model Theory}~\cite{hodges_1993}. In the proof
+ of this theorem appears another, equally important \ref{lemma:weak_ultrahom}.
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ We say that an $L$-structure $M$ is \emph{weakly ultrahomogeneous} if for any
+ $A, B$ finitely generated substructures of $M$ such that $A\subseteq B$ and
+ an embedding $f\colon A\to M$ there is an embedding $g\colon B\to M$ which
+ extends $f$.
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ A \arrow[d, "\subseteq"'] \arrow[r, "f"] & D \\
+ B \arrow[ur, dashed, "g"']
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+ \end{definition}
+
+ \begin{lemma}
+ \label{lemma:weak_ultrahom}
+ A countable structure is ultrahomogeneous if and only if it is weakly
+ ultrahomogeneous.
+ \end{lemma}
+
+ This lemma will play a major role in the later parts of the paper. Weak
+ ultrahomogeneity is an easier and more intuitive property and it will prove
+ useful when recursively constructing the generic automorphism of a Fraïssé
+ limit.
+
+ % \begin{fact} If $\bK$ is a uniformly locally finite Fraïssé class, then
+ % $\Flim(\bK)$ is $\aleph_0$-categorical and has quantifier elimination.
+ % \end{fact}
+
+ \subsection{Random graph}
+
+ In this section we'll take a closer look on a class of finite unordered graphs,
+ which is a Fraïssé class.
+
+ The language of unordered graphs $L$ consists of a single binary
+ relational symbol $E$. If $G$ is an $L$-structure then we call it a
+ \emph{graph}, and its elements $\emph{vertices}$. If for some vertices
+ $u, v\in G$ we have $G\models uEv$ then we say that there is an $\emph{edge}$
+ connecting $u$ and $v$. If $G\models \forall x\forall y (xEy\leftrightarrow yEx)$
+ then we say that $G$ is an \emph{unordered graph}. From now on we omit the word
+ \textit{unordered} and graphs as unordered.
+
+ \begin{proposition}
+ Let $\cG$ be the class of all finite graphs. $\cG$ is a Fraïssé class.
+ \end{proposition}
+ \begin{proof}
+ $\cG$ is of course countable (up to isomorphism) and has the HP
+ (graph substructure is also a graph). It has JEP: having two finite graphs
+ $G_1,G_2$ take their disjoint union $G_1\sqcup G_2$ as the extension of them
+ both. $\cG$ has the AP. Having graphs $A, B, C$, where $B$ and $C$ are
+ supergraphs of $A$, we can assume without loss of generality, that
+ $(B\setminus A) \cap (C\setminus A) = \emptyset$. Then
+ $A\sqcup (B\setminus A)\sqcup (C\setminus A)$ is the graph we're looking
+ for (with edges as in B and C and without any edges between $B\setminus A$
+ and $C\setminus A$).
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ The \emph{random graph} is the Fraïssé limit of the class of finite graphs
+ $\cG$ denoted by $\FrGr = \Flim(\cG)$.
+ \end{definition}
+
+ The concept of the random graph emerges independently in many fields of
+ mathematics. For example, one can construct the graph by choosing at random
+ for each pair of vertices if they should be connected or not. It turns out
+ that the graph constructed this way is isomorphic to the random graph with
+ probability 1.
+
+ The random graph $\FrGr$ has one particular property that is unique to the
+ random graph.
+
+ \begin{fact}[random graph property]
+ For each finite disjoint $X, Y\subseteq \FrGr$ there exists $v\in\FrGr\setminus (X\cup Y)$
+ such that $\forall u\in X (vEu)$ and $\forall u\in Y (\neg vEu)$.
+ \end{fact}
+ \begin{proof}
+ Take any finite disjoint $X, Y\subseteq\FrGr$. Let $G_{XY}$ be the
+ subgraph of $\FrGr$ induced by the $X\cup Y$. Let $H = G_{XY}\cup \{w\}$,
+ where $w$ is a new vertex that does not appear in $G_{XY}$. Also, $w$ is connected to
+ all vertices of $G_{XY}$ that come from $X$ and to none of those that come
+ from $Y$. This graph is of course finite, so it is embeddable in $\FrGr$.
+ Without loss of generality assume that this embedding is simply inclusion.
+ Let $f$ be the partial isomorphism from $X\sqcup Y$ to $H$, with $X$ and
+ $Y$ projected to the part of $H$ that come from $X$ and $Y$ respectively.
+ By the ultrahomogeneity of $\FrGr$ this isomorphism extends to an automorphism
+ $\sigma\in\Aut(\FrGr)$. Then $v = \sigma^{-1}(w)$ is the vertex we sought.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \begin{fact}
+ If a countable graph $G$ has the random graph property, then it is
+ isomorphic to the random graph $\FrGr$.
+ \end{fact}
+ \begin{proof}
+ Enumerate vertices of both graphs: $\FrGr = \{a_1, a_2\ldots\}$ and $G
+ = \{b_1, b_2\ldots\}$.
+ We will construct a chain of partial isomorphisms $f_n\colon \FrGr\to G$
+ such that $\emptyset = f_0\subseteq f_1\subseteq f_2\subseteq\ldots$ and $a_n \in
+ \dom(f_n)$ and $b_n\in\rng(f_n)$.
+
+ Suppose we have $f_n$. We seek $b\in G$ such that $f_n\cup \{\langle
+ a_{n+1}, b\rangle\}$ is a partial isomorphism.
+ If $a_{n+1}\in\dom{f_n}$, then simply $b = f_n(a_{n+1})$. Otherwise,
+ let $X = \{a\in\FrGr\mid
+ aE_{\FrGr} a_{n+1}\}\cap \dom{f_n}, Y = X^{c}\cap \dom{f_n}$, i.e. $X$ are
+ vertices of $\dom{f_n}$ that are connected with $a_{n+1}$ in $\FrGr$ and
+ $Y$ are those vertices that are not connected with $a_{n+1}$. Let $b$ be
+ a vertex of $G$ that is connected to all vertices of $f_n[X]$ and to none
+ $f_n[Y]$ (it exists by the random graph property). Then $f_n\cup \{\langle
+ a_{n+1}, b\rangle\}$ is a partial isomorphism. We find $a$ for the
+ $b_{n+1}$ in the similar manner, so that $f_{n+1} = f_n\cup \{\langle
+ a_{n+1}, b\rangle, \langle a, b_{n+1}\rangle\}$ is a partial isomorphism.
+
+ Finally, $f = \bigcup^{\infty}_{n=0}f_n$ is an isomorphism between $\FrGr$
+ and $G$. Take any $a, b\in \FrGr$. Then for some big enough $n$ we have
+ that $aE_{\FrGr}b\Leftrightarrow f_n(a)E_{G}f_n(b) \Leftrightarrow f(a)E_{G}f(b)$.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ Using this fact one can show that the graph constructed in the probabilistic
+ manner is in fact isomorphic to the random graph $\FrGr$.
+
+ \begin{definition} We say that a Fraïssé class $\bK$ has \emph{weak
+ Hrushovski property} (\emph{WHP}) if for every $A\in \bK$ and an isomorphism
+ of its substructures $p\colon A\to A$ (also called a partial automorphism of $A$),
+ there is some $B\in \bK$ such
+ that $p$ can be extended to an automorphism of $B$, i.e.\ there is an
+ embedding $i\colon A\to B$ and a $\bar p\in \Aut(B)$ such that the following
+ diagram commutes:
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ B\ar[r,dashed,"\bar p"]&B\\
+ A\ar[u,dashed,"i"]\ar[r,"p"]&A\ar[u,dashed,"i"]
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+ \end{definition}
+
+ \begin{proposition}
+ \label{proposition:finite-graphs-whp}
+ The class of finite graphs $\cG$ has the weak Hrushovski property.
+ \end{proposition}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ It may be there some day, but it may not!
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \subsection{Canonical amalgamation}
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ Let $\bK$ be a class finitely generated $L$-structures. We say that
+ $\bK$ has \emph{canonical amalgamation} if for every $C\in\bK$ there
+ is a functor $\otimes_C\colon\Cospan(\bK)\to\Pushout(\bK)$ such that
+ it has the following properties:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Let $A\leftarrow C\rightarrow B$ be a cospan. Then $\otimes_C$ sends
+ it to a pushout that preserves ``the bottom`` structures and embeddings, i.e.:
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ & & & & A\otimes_C B & \\
+ A & & B \arrow[r, dashed, "A\otimes_C B"] & A \arrow[ur, dashed] & & B \arrow[ul, dashed] \\
+ & C \arrow[ul] \arrow[ur] & & & C \arrow[ul] \arrow[ur] &
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+
+ We have deliberately omited names for embeddings of $C$. Of course,
+ the functor has to take them into account, but this abuse of notation
+ is convenient and should not lead into confusion.
+ \item Let $A\leftarrow C\rightarrow B$, $A'\leftarrow C\rightarrow B'$ be cospans
+ with a natural transformation given by $\alpha\colon A\to A', \beta\colon B\to B',
+ \gamma\colon C\to C$. Then $\otimes_C$ preserves the morphisms of
+ when sending the natural transformation of those cospans to natural
+ transformation of pushouts by adding the
+ $\delta\colon A\otimes_C B\to A'\otimes_C B'$ morphism:
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ & A'\otimes_C B' & \\
+ A' \arrow[ur] & & B' \arrow[ul] \\
+ & A\otimes_C B \ar[uu, dashed, "\delta"] & \\
+ & C \arrow[uul, bend left] \arrow[uur, bend right] & \\
+ A \arrow[uuu, dashed, "\alpha"] \arrow[uur, bend left, crossing over] & & B \arrow[uuu, dashed, "\beta"'] \arrow[uul, bend right, crossing over] \\
+ & C \arrow[ur] \arrow[ul] \arrow[uu, dashed, "\gamma"] & \\
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+ % \begin{center}
+ % \begin{tikzcd}
+ % & A \ar[rrr, dashed, "\alpha"] \ar[drr, bend left=20, crossing over] & & & A' \ar[dr] & \\
+ % C \ar[rr, dashed, "\gamma"] \ar[ur] \ar[dr] & & C \ar[rrd, bend right=20] \ar[rru, bend left=20] & A\otimes_C B \ar[rr, dashed, "\delta"] & & A' \otimes_C B' \\
+ % & B \ar[rrr, dashed, "\beta"] \ar[urr, bend right=20, crossing over] & & & B' \ar[ur] & \\
+ % \end{tikzcd}
+ % \end{center}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{definition}
+
+ \begin{theorem}
+ \label{theorem:canonical_amalgamation_thm}
+ Let $\bK$ be a Fraïssé class of $L$-structures with canonical amalgamation.
+ Then the class $\cH$ of $L$-structures with automorphism is a Fraïssé class.
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ $\cH$ is obviously countable and has HP. It suffices to show that it
+ has AP (JEP follows by taking $C$ to be the empty structure). Take any
+ $(A,\alpha), (B,\beta), (C,\gamma)\in \cH$ such that $(C,\gamma)$ embeds
+ into $(A,\alpha)$ and $(B,\beta)$. Then $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$ yield
+ an automorphism $\eta$ (as a natural transformation) of a cospan:
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ A & & B \\
+ % & C \ar[ur] \ar[ul] & \\
+ A \ar[u, dashed, "\alpha"] & C \ar[ur] \ar[ul] & B \ar[u, dashed, "\beta"'] \\
+ & C \ar[ur] \ar[ul] \ar[u, dashed, "\gamma"] &
+ % (A, \alpha) & & (B, \beta) \\
+ % & (C, \gamma) \ar[ur] \ar[ul] &
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+
+ Then, by the fact \ref{fact:functor_iso}, $\otimes_C(\eta)$ is an automorphism
+ of the pushout diagram:
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ & A\otimes_C B \ar[loop above, "\delta"] & \\
+ A \ar[ur] \ar[loop left, "\alpha"]& & B \ar[ul] \ar[loop right, "\beta"]\\
+ & C \ar[ur] \ar[ul] \ar[loop below, "\gamma"] &
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+
+ TODO: ten diagram nie jest do końca taki jak trzeba, trzeba w zasadzie skopiować
+ ten z definicji kanonicznej amalgamcji. Czy to nie będzie wyglądać źle?
+
+ This means that the morphism $\delta\colon A\otimes_C B\to A\otimes_C B$
+ has to be automorphism. Thus, by the fact that the diagram commutes,
+ we have the amalgamation of $(A, \alpha)$ and $(B, \beta)$ over $(C,\gamma)$
+ in $\cH$.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \subsection{Graphs with automorphism}
+ The language and theory of unordered graphs is fairly simple. We extend the
+ language by one unary symbol $\sigma$ and interpret it as an arbitrary
+ automorphism on the graph structure. It turns out that the class of such
+ structures is a Fraïssé class.
+
+ \begin{proposition}
+ Let $\cH$ be the class of all finite graphs with an automorphism, i.e.
+ structures in the language $(E, \sigma)$ such that $E$ is a symmetric
+ relation and $\sigma$ is an automorphism on the structure. $\cH$ is
+ a Fraïssé class.
+ \end{proposition}
+ \begin{proof}
+ Countability and HP are obvious, JEP follows by the same argument as in
+ plain graphs. We need to show that the class has the amalgamation property.
+
+ Take any $(A, \alpha), (B, \beta), (C,\gamma)\in\cH$ such that $A$ embeds
+ into $B$ and $C$. Without the loss of generality we may assume that
+ $B\cap C = A$ and $\alpha\subseteq\beta,\gamma$.
+ Let $D$ be the amalgamation of $B$ and $C$ over $A$ as in
+ the proof for the plain graphs. We will define the automorphism
+ $\delta\in\Aut(D)$ so it extends $\beta$ and $\gamma$.
+ We let $\delta\upharpoonright_B = \beta, \delta\upharpoonright_C = \gamma$.
+ Let's check the definition is correct. We have to show that
+ $(uE_Dv\leftrightarrow \delta(u)E_D\delta(v))$ holds for any $u, v\in
+ D$. We have two cases:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item $u, v\in X$, where $X$ is either $B$ or $C$. This case is trivial.
+ \item $u\in B\setminus A, v\in C\setminus A$. Then
+ $\delta(u)=\beta(u)\in B\setminus A$, similarly $\delta(v)=\gamma(v)\in
+ C\setminus A$. This follows from the fact, that $\beta\upharpoonright_A
+ = \alpha$, so for any $w\in A\quad\beta^{-1}(w)=\alpha^{-1}(w)\in A$,
+ similarly for $\gamma$. Thus, from the construction of $D$, $\neg uE_Dv$
+ and $\neg \delta(u)E_D\delta(v)$.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{proof}
+
+ The proposition says that there is a Fraïssé for the class $\cH$ of finite
+ graphs with automorphisms. We shall call it $(\FrAut, \sigma)$. Not
+ surprisingly, $\FrAut$ is in fact a random graph.
+
+ \begin{proposition}
+ \label{proposition:graph-aut-is-normal}
+ The Fraïssé limit of $\cH$ interpreted as a plain graph (i.e. as a reduct
+ to the language of graphs) is isomorphic to the random graph $\FrGr$.
+ \end{proposition}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ It is enough to show that $\FrAut = \Flim(\cH)$ has the random graph
+ property. Take any finite disjoint $X, Y\subseteq \FrAut$. Without the loss
+ of generality assume that $X\cup Y$ is $\sigma$-invariant, i.e.
+ $\sigma(v)\in X\cup Y$ for $v\in X\cup Y$. This assumption can be made
+ because there are no infinite orbits in $\sigma$, which in turn is due to
+ the fact that $\cH$ is the age of $\FrAut$.
+
+ Let $G_{XY}$ be the graph induced by $X\cup Y$. Take $H=G_{XY}\sqcup {v}$
+ as a supergraph of $G_{XY}$ with one new vertex $v$ connected to all
+ vertices of $X$ and to none of $Y$. By the proposition
+ \ref{proposition:finite-graphs-whp} we can extend $H$ together with its
+ partial isomorphism $\sigma\upharpoonright_{X\cup Y}$ to a graph $R$ with
+ automorphism $\tau$. Once again, without the loss of generality we can
+ assume that $R\subseteq\FrAut$, because $\cH$ is the age of $\FrAut$. But
+ $R\upharpoonright_{G_{XY}}$ together with $\tau\upharpoonright_{G_{XY}}$
+ are isomorphic to the $G_{XY}$ with $\sigma\upharpoonright_{G_{XY}}$.
+
+ Thus, by ultrahomogeneity of $\FrAut$ this isomorphism extends to an
+ automorphism $\theta$ of $(\FrAut, \sigma)$. Then $\theta(v)$ is the vertex
+ that is connected to all vertices of $X$ and none of $Y$, because
+ $\theta[R\upharpoonright_X] = X, \theta[R\upharpoonright_Y] = Y$.
+ \end{proof}
+
+
+ \begin{theorem}
+ \label{theorem:isomorphic_fr_lims}
+ Let $\cC$ be a Fraïssé class of finite structures in a relational language
+ $L$ of some theory $T$. Let $\cD$ be a class of finite structures of the
+ theory $T$ in a relational language $L$ with additional unary function
+ symbol interpreted as an automorphism of the structure. If $\cC$ has the
+ weak Hrushovski property and $\cD$ is a Fraïssé class then the Fraïssé
+ limit of $\cC$ is isomorphic to the Fraïssé limit of $\cD$ reduced
+ to the language $L$.
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ Let $\Gamma=\Flim(\cC)$ and $(\Pi, \sigma) =\Flim(\cD)$. By the Fraïssé
+ theorem \ref{theorem:fraisse_thm} it suffices to show that the age of $\Pi$
+ is $\cC$ and that it has the weak ultrahomogeneity in the class $\cC$. The
+ former comes easily, as for every structure $A\in \cC$ we have the structure
+ $(A, \id_A)\in \cD$, which means that the structure $A$ embedds into $\Pi$.
+ Also, if a structure $(B, \beta)\in\cD$ embedds into $\cD$, then $B\in\cC$.
+ Hence, $\cC$ is indeed the age of $\Pi$.
+
+ Now, take any structure $A, B\in\cC$ such that $A\subseteq B$. Without the
+ loss of generality assume that $A = B\cap \Pi$. Let $\bar{A}$ be the
+ smallest structure closed on the automorphism $\sigma$ and containg $A$.
+ It is finite, as $\cC$ is the age of $\Pi$. By the weak Hrushovski property,
+ of $\cC$ let $(\bar{B}, \beta)$ be a structure extending
+ $(B\cup \bar{A}, \sigma\upharpoonright_{\bar{A}})$. Again, we may assume
+ that $B\cup \bar{A}\subseteq \bar{B}$. Then, by the fact that $\Pi$ is a
+ Fraïssé limit of $\cD$ there is an embedding
+ $f\colon(\bar{B}, \beta)\to(\Pi, \sigma)$
+ such that the following diagram commutes:
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ (A, \emptyset) \arrow[d, "\subseteq"'] \arrow[r, "\subseteq"] & (\bar{A}, \sigma\upharpoonright_A) \arrow[d, "\subseteq"] \arrow[r, "\subseteq"] & (\Pi, \sigma) \\
+ (B, \sigma\upharpoonright_B) \arrow[r, dashed, "\subseteq"'] & (\bar{B}, \beta) \arrow[ur, dashed, "f"]
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+
+ Then we simply get the following diagram:
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ A \arrow[d, "\subseteq"'] \arrow[r, "\subseteq"] & \Pi \\
+ B \arrow[ur, dashed, "f\upharpoonright_B"']
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+
+ which proves that $\Pi$ is indeed a weakly ultrahomogeneous structure in $\cC$.
+ Hence, it is isomorphic to $\Gamma$.
+ \end{proof}
+\end{document}