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authorFranciszek Malinka <franciszek.malinka@gmail.com>2022-06-29 16:03:50 +0200
committerFranciszek Malinka <franciszek.malinka@gmail.com>2022-06-29 16:03:50 +0200
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tree6117198d367540604caeb3a3d5d53287d88ac91c /sections/conj_classes.tex
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+\documentclass[../lic_malinka.tex]{subfiles}
+
+\begin{document}
+ Let $M$ be a countable $L$-structure. We define a topology on the $G=\Aut(M)$:
+ for any finite function $f\colon M\to M$ we have a basic open set
+ $[f]_{G} = \{g\in G\mid f\subseteq g\}$.
+
+ \subsection{Prototype: pure set}
+
+ In this section, $M=(M,=)$ is an infinite countable set (with no structure
+ beyond equality).
+
+ \begin{proposition}
+ \label{proposition:cojugate-classes}
+ If $f_1,f_2\in \Aut(M)$, then $f_1$ and $f_2$ are conjugate if and only
+ if for each $n\in \bN\cup \{\aleph_0\}$, $f_1$ and $f_2$ have the same
+ number of orbits of size $n$.
+ \end{proposition}
+
+ \begin{theorem}
+ Let $\sigma\in \Aut(M)$ be an automorphism with no infinite orbit and with
+ infinitely many orbits of size $n$ for every $n>0$. Then the conjugacy
+ class of $\sigma$ is comeagre in $\Aut(M)$.
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ We will show that the conjugacy class of $\sigma$ is an intersection of countably
+ many comeagre sets.
+
+ Let $A_n = \{\alpha\in Aut(M)\mid \alpha\text{ has infinitely many orbits of size }n\}$.
+ This set is comeagre for every $n>0$. Indeed, we can represent this set
+ as an intersection of countable family of open dense sets. Let $B_{n,k}$
+ be the set of all finite functions $\beta\colon M\to M$ that consists
+ of exactly $k$ distinct $n$-cycles. Then:
+ \begin{align*}
+ A_n &= \{\alpha\in\ \Aut(M) \mid \alpha\text{ has infinitely many orbits of size }n\} \\
+ &= \bigcap_{k=1}^{\infty} \{\alpha\in \Aut(M)\mid \alpha\text{ has at least }k\text{ orbits of size }n\} \\
+ &= \bigcap_{k=1}^{\infty} \bigcup_{\beta\in B_{n,k}} [\beta]_{\Aut(M)},
+ \end{align*}
+ where indeed, $\bigcup_{\beta\in B_{n,k}} [\beta]_{\Aut(M)}$ is dense in
+ $\Aut(M)$: take any finite $\gamma\colon M\to M$ such that $[\gamma]_{\Aut(M)}$
+ is nonempty. Then also
+ $\bigcup_{\beta\in B_{n,k}} [\beta]_{\Aut(M)}\cap[\gamma]_{\Aut(M)}\neq\emptyset$,
+ one can easily construct a permutation that extends $\gamma$ and have at least
+ $k$ many $n$-cycles.
+
+ Now we see that $A = \bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty} A_n$ is a comeagre set consisting
+ of all functions that have infinitely many $n$-cycles for each $n$. The only
+ thing left to show is that the set of functions with no infinite cycle is
+ also comeagre. Indeed, for $m\in M$ let
+ $B_m = \{\alpha\in\Aut(M)\mid m\text{ has finite orbit in }\alpha\}$. This
+ is an open dense set. It is a sum over basic open sets generated by finite
+ permutations with $m$ in their domain. Denseness is also easy to see.
+
+ Finally, by the proposition \ref{proposition:cojugate-classes}, we can say that
+ $$\sigma^{\Aut(M)}=\bigcap_{n=1}^\infty A_n \cap \bigcap_{m\in M} B_m,$$
+ which concludes the proof.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \subsection{More general structures}
+
+ \begin{fact}
+ \label{fact:conjugacy}
+ Suppose $M$ is an arbitrary structure and $f_1,f_2\in \Aut(M)$.
+ Then $f_1$ and $f_2$ are conjugate if and only if $(M,f_1)\cong
+ (M,f_2)$ as structures with one additional unary relation that is
+ an automorphism.
+ \end{fact}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ Suppose that $f_1 = g^{-1}f_2g$ for some $g\in \Aut(M)$.
+ Then $g$ is the automorphism we're looking for. On the other hand if
+ $g\colon (M, f_1)\to (M, f_2)$ is an isomorphism, then
+ $g\circ f_1 = f_2 \circ g$ which exactly means that $f_1, f_2$ conjugate.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \begin{theorem}
+ \label{theorem:generic_aut_general}
+ Let $\cC$ be a Fraïssé class of finite structures of a theory $T$ in a
+ relational language $L$. Let $\cD$ be the class of the finite structures of
+ $T$ in the language $L$ with additional unary function symbol interpreted
+ as an automorphism of the structure. If $\cC$ has the weak Hrushovski property
+ and $\cD$ is a Fraïssé class, then there is a comeagre conjugacy class in the
+ automorphism group of the $\Flim(\cC)$.
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ Let $\Gamma = \Flim(\cC)$ and $(\Pi, \sigma) = \Flim(\cD)$. Let $G = \Aut(\Gamma)$,
+ i.e. $G$ is the automorphism group of $\Gamma$. First, by the theorem
+ \ref{theorem:isomorphic_fr_lims}, we may assume without the loss of generality
+ that $\Pi = \Gamma$.
+ We will construct a strategy for the second player in the Banach-Mazur game
+ on the topological space $G$. This strategy will give us a subset
+ $A\subseteq G$ and as we will see a subset of a cojugacy class in $G$.
+ By the Banach-Mazur theorem \ref{theorem:banach_mazur_thm} this will prove
+ that this class is comeagre.
+
+ Recall, $G$ has a basis consisting of open
+ sets $\{g\in G\mid g\upharpoonright_A = g_0\upharpoonright_A\}$ for some
+ finite set $A\subseteq \Gamma$ and some automorphism $g_0\in G$. In other
+ words, a basic open set is a set of all extensions of some finite partial
+ isomorphism $g_0$ of $\Gamma$. By $B_{g}\subseteq G$ we denote a basic
+ open subset given by a finite partial isomorphism $g$. From now on we will
+ consider only finite partial isomorphism $g$ such that $B_g$ is nonempty.
+
+ With the use of corollary \ref{corollary:banach-mazur-basis} we can consider
+ only games, where both players choose finite partial isomorphisms. Namely,
+ player \textit{I} picks functions $f_0, f_1,\ldots$ and player \textit{II}
+ chooses $g_0, g_1,\ldots$ such that
+ $f_0\subseteq g_0\subseteq f_1\subseteq g_1\subseteq\ldots$, which identify
+ the corresponding basic open subsets $B_{f_0}\supseteq B_{g_0}\supseteq\ldots$.
+
+ Our goal is to choose $g_i$ in such a manner that the resulting function
+ $g = \bigcap^{\infty}_{i=0}g_i$ will be an automorphism of the Fraïssé limit
+ $\Gamma$ such that $(\Gamma, g) = \Flim{\cD}$.
+ Precisely, $\bigcap^{\infty}_{i=0}B_{g_i} = \{g\}$,
+ by the Fraïssé theorem \ref{theorem:fraisse_thm}
+ it will follow that $(\Gamma, g)\cong (\Pi, \sigma)$. Hence,
+ by the fact \ref{fact:conjugacy}, $g$ and $\sigma$ conjugate in $G$.
+
+ Once again, by the Fraïssé theorem \ref{theorem:fraisse_thm} and the
+ \ref{lemma:weak_ultrahom} lemma constructing $g_i$'s in a way such that
+ age of $(\Gamma, g)$ is exactly $\cD$ and so that it is weakly ultrahomogeneous
+ will produce expected result. First, let us enumerate all pairs of structures
+ $\{\langle(A_n, \alpha_n), (B_n, \beta_n)\rangle\}_{n\in\bN},\in\cD$
+ such that the first element of the pair embeds by inclusion in the second,
+ i.e. $(A_n, \alpha_n)\subseteq (B_n, \beta_n)$. Also, it may be that
+ $A_n$ is an empty. We enumerate the elements of the Fraïssé limit
+ $\Gamma = \{v_0, v_1, \ldots\}$.
+
+ Fix a bijection $\gamma\colon\bN\times\bN\to\bN$ such that for any
+ $n, m\in\bN$ we have $\gamma(n, m) \ge n$. This bijection naturally induces
+ a well ordering on $\bN\times\bN$. This will prove useful later, as the
+ main argument of the proof will be constructed as a bookkeeping argument.
+
+ Just for sake of fixing a technical problem, let $g_{-1} = \emptyset$ and
+ $X_{-1} = \emptyset$.
+ Suppose that player \textit{I} in the $n$-th move chooses a finite partial
+ isomorphism $f_n$. We will construct $g_n\supseteq f_n$ and a set $X_n\subseteq\bN^2$
+ such that following properties hold:
+
+ \begin{enumerate}[label=(\roman*)]
+ \item $g_n$ is an automorphism of the induced substructure $\Gamma_n$,
+ \item $g_n(v_n)$ and $g_n^{-1}(v_n)$ are defined,
+ \item let
+ $\{\langle (A_{n,k}, \alpha_{n, k}), (B_{n,k}, \beta_{n,k}), f_{n, k}\rangle\}_{k\in\bN}$
+ be the enumeration of all pairs of finite structures of $T$ with automorphism
+ such that the first is a substructure of the second, i.e.
+ $(A_{n,k}, \alpha_{n,k})\subseteq (B_{n,k}, \beta_{n,k})$, and $f_{n,k}$
+ is an embedding of $(A_{n,k}, \alpha_{n,k})$ in the $\FrGr_{n-1}$ (which
+ is the substructure induced by $g_{n-1}$). Let
+ $(i, j) = \min\{(\{0, 1, \ldots\} \times \bN) \setminus X_{n-1}\}$ (with the
+ order induced by $\gamma$). Then $X_n = X_{n-1}\cup\{(i,j)\}$ and
+ $(B_{n,k}, \beta_{n,k})$ embeds in $(\FrGr_n, g_n)$ so that this diagram
+ commutes:
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ & (\Gamma_n, g_n) & \\
+ (B_{i,j}, \beta_{i,j}) \arrow[ur, dashed, "\hat{f}_{i,j}"] & & (\FrGr_{n-1}, g_{n-1}) \arrow[ul, dashed, "\subseteq"'] \\
+ & (A_{i,j}, \alpha_{i,j}) \arrow[ur, "f_{i,j}"'] \arrow[ul, "\subseteq"]
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ First item makes sure that no infinite orbit will be present in $g$. The
+ second item together with the first one are necessary for $g$ to be an
+ automorphism of $\Gamma$. The third item is the one that gives weak
+ ultrahomogeneity. Now we will show that indeed such $g_n$ may be constructed.
+
+ First, we will suffice the item (iii). Namely, we will construct $\Gamma'_n, g'_n$
+ such that $g_{n-1}\subseteq g'_n$ and $f_{i,j}$ extends to an embedding of
+ $(B_{i,j}, \beta_{i,j})$ to $(\Gamma'_n, g'_n)$. But this can be easily
+ done by the fact, that $\cD$ has the amalgamation property. Moreover, without
+ the loss of generality we can assume that all embeddings are inclusions.
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ & (\Gamma'_n, g'_n) & \\
+ (B_{i,j}, \beta_{i,j}) \arrow[ur, dashed, "\subseteq"] & & (\Gamma_{n-1}, g_{n-1}) \arrow[ul, dashed, "\subseteq"'] \\
+ & (A_{i,j}, \alpha_{i,j}) \arrow[ur, "\subseteq"'] \arrow[ul, "\subseteq"]
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+
+ By the weak ultrahomogeneity we may assume that $\Gamma'_n\subseteq \Gamma$:
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tikzcd}
+ (B_{i,j}\cup\Gamma_{n-1}, \beta_{i,j}\cup g_{n-1}) \arrow[d, "\subseteq"'] \arrow[r, "\subseteq"] & \Gamma \\
+ (\Gamma'_{n}, g'_n)\arrow[ur, dashed, "f"']
+ \end{tikzcd}
+ \end{center}
+
+ Now, by the WHP of $\bK$ we can extend the graph $\Gamma'_n\cup\{v_n\}$ together
+ with its partial isomorphism $g'_n$ to a graph $\Gamma_n$ together with its
+ automorphism $g_n\supseteq g'_n$ and without the loss of generality we
+ may assume that $\Gamma_n\subseteq\Gamma$. This way we've constructed $g_n$
+ that has all desired properties.
+
+ Now we need to see that $g = \bigcap^{\infty}_{n=0}g_n$ is indeed an automorphism
+ of $\Gamma$ such that $(\Gamma, g)$ has the age $\cH$ and is weakly ultrahomogeneous.
+ It is of course an automorphism of $\Gamma$ as it is defined for every $v\in\Gamma$
+ and is a sum of increasing chain of finite automorphisms.
+
+ Take any finite structure of $T$ with automorphism $(B, \beta)$. Then, there are
+ $i, j$ such that $(B, \beta) = (B_{i, j}, \beta_{i,j})$ and $A_{i,j}=\emptyset$.
+ By the bookkeeping there was $n$ such that
+ $(i, j) = \min\{\{0,1,\ldots\}\times\bN\setminus X_{n-1}\}$.
+ This means that $(B, \beta)$ embeds into $(\Gamma_n, g_n)$, hence it embeds
+ into $(\Gamma, g)$, thus it has age $\cH$.
+ With a similar argument we can see that $(\Gamma, g)$ is weakly ultrahomogeneous.
+
+ By this we know that $g$ and $\sigma$ conjugate in $G$. As we stated in the
+ beginning of the proof, the set $A$ of possible outcomes of the game (i.e.
+ possible $g$'s we end up with) is comeagre in $G$, thus $\sigma^G$ is also
+ comeagre and $\sigma$ is a generic automorphism, as it contains a comeagre
+ set $A$.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \subsection{Properties of the generic automorphism}
+
+ Let $\cC$ be a Fraïssé class in a finite relational language $L$ with
+ weak Hrushovski property. Let $\cH$ be the Fraïssé class of the $L$-structures
+ with additional automorphism symbol. Let $\Gamma = \Flim(\cC)$.
+
+ % \begin{proposition}
+ % Let $\sigma$ be the generic automorphism of the random graph $\FrGr$. Then
+ % the graph induced by the set of the fixed points of $\sigma$ is isomorphic
+ % to $\FrGr$.
+ % \end{proposition}
+ %
+ % \begin{proof}
+ % Let $F = \{v\in\FrGr\mid \sigma(v) = v\}$. It suffices to show that $F$ is
+ % infinite and has the random graph property.
+ % \end{proof}
+ \begin{proposition}
+ Let $\sigma$ be the generic automorphism of $\Gamma$. Then the set
+ of fixed points of $\sigma$ is isomorphic to $\Gamma$.
+ \end{proposition}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ Let $S = \{x\in \Gamma\mid \sigma(x) = x\}$.
+ First we need to show that it is an infinite. By the theorem \ref{theorem:generic_aut_general}
+ we know that $(\Gamma, \sigma)$ is the Fraïssé limit of $\cH$, thus we
+ can embedd finite $L$-structures of any size with identity as an
+ automorphism of the structure into $(\Gamma, \sigma)$. Thus $S$ has to be
+ infinite. Also, the same argument shows that the age of the structure is
+ exactly $\cC$. It is weakly ultrahomogeneous, also by the fact that
+ $(\Gamma, \sigma)$ is in $\cH$.
+ \end{proof}
+\end{document}